Handout

Cognitive perspective

 1. Principles

 a.        The mind can be studied scientifically

                                                               i.        Alzheimer’s research (Tsai + Sweatt)

                                                             ii. Craik and Lockhart – support of levels of processing memory model

 b.        Behavior change is explained as a result of cognitive processing

                                                               i.        Schema (e.g. Bem, Anderson + Pichert, Loftus)

 c.        Sociocultural factors influence cognitive processes

                                                               i.        Bartlett War of the Ghosts

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> d.        Schemas/worldviews are resistant to change

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Ramachandran – anosognosia and the inflexibility of the left brain

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Counter – Anderson + Pichert altered schema easily

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. Padesky – support for this principle

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 2. Research methods

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Experiments

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        More generalizable

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. May lack ecological validity (e.g. Yuille and Cutshall on Loftus)

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Observational/correlational studies

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Some things can’t be studied in a controlled setting

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Cannot imply causation, prone to sampling biases

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Case studies

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        In-depth and lots of detailed data/observations

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Not generalizable

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. Good as a launch point for further research (e.g. Clive Waring, Daniel Tammett)

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 3. Ethical issues

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Data collection

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Experimenter bias

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Don’t have it

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Harm to participants

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Don’t harm participants

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Deception

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Only when justifiable

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Must have debriefing, pre-informed of deception

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. E.g. Schachter’s two-factor theory

<p style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 1. Schachter and Singer – convoluted setup

<p style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 2. Dutton and Avon – hot girl on bridge

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 4. Schema theory

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Bartlett

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Anderson + Pichert

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Bem

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 5. Memory

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Memory models

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Atkinson-Shiffrin

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Working memory

<p style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 1. Baddley and Hitch – limits of working memory

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. Levels of processing

<p style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 1. Craik and Lockhart/Craik and Tulving

<p style="margin-left:2.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 2. Branford – Doctors and mosquitos

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Chunking

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Cole and Schribner – Kpelle don’t have chunking

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Rule of 7 study

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 6. Language acquisition

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Chomsky – Language Acquisition Device – biological knack for language, critical period

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Piaget – Thoughts breeds language, stages of development

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Vygotsky – Language breeds thought (social, Zone of Proximal Development)

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 7. Biological factors in one cognitive process

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Alzheimer’s – Tara Spire and memory destruction

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Depression- neurotransmitters controversy

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Sleep – Dement’s two studies on weaning people off sleep, Jouvet’s dead cat from lack of REM

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> d.        Lyubomirsky – 50% genetic happiness

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 8. Socialcultural

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Schema (Bem, Bartlett, etc.)

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Flashbulb memory

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Brown and Kulik

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        30 Million Word Gap (Hart)

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> d.        Fausey – language and blame

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> e.        Ekman – universality of some emotions

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> f.         Hagerty – Danish have lower expectations, higher happiness

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 9. Reliability of cognitive processes

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Memory

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Loftus and Palmer

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Flashbulb memory

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. Reconstruction hypothesis

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iv. Alzheimer’s enriched environment (Tsai)

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 10. Technology

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        CAT scans, MRIs, fMRIs, PET scans

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Results

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                               i.        Kircher et. Al., Caplan and Dapretto – context vs. logic in right vs. left brains

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                             ii. Hull and Vaid – language processing depends on age learned

<p style="margin-left:1.5in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-1.5in;mso-text-indent-alt:-9.0pt;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">                                                            iii. Jeong et. Al. – similarity of languages effects how brain processes

<p style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> 11. Bio, socio, and emotion

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> a.        Ekman

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> b.        Hagerty

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space: auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> c.        Lyubomirsky

<p style="margin-left:1.0in;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin"> d.        Cannon-Bard vs. James-Lange vs. Schacter two-factor theories of emotion